![]() 9 The project has captured 12 ktCO 2 to date, and the technology has the potential capture more than 100 000 GtCO 2. In Iceland, the colocation of geothermal energy, CO 2 waste streams, water, and large basaltic formations has allowed Carbfix to perform MC in situ. 8 Recently, a few pilot projects exploited favorable conditions to perform MC. in 1995, 7 research on MC as a means of CCS has accelerated considerably with related publications more than tripling each decade since 1990, rising from 154 in 1990–1999 to 1512 in 2010–2019. These NETs can help mitigate the impact of emissions from difficult-to-avoid sources.įirst introduced as a concept by Seifritz in 1990 6 and further explored conceptually by Lackner et al. Additionally, CO 2 may be removed directly from the atmosphere and coupled with the permanent storage of CO 2 via negative emissions technologies (NETs). 5 Emissions may be avoided through the capture of point-source CO 2 emissions and subsequent storage in a permanent form (i.e., carbon capture and storage, CCS). 2- 4 A recent report by the National Academy of Sciences states that to meet climate goals, it is necessary (and technically feasible) to remove 10 GtCO 2 per year up to 2050, with an increase to 20 GtCO 2 each year from 2050 to 2100. It is clear that combating climate change and avoiding 2☌ warming by 2100 will require a portfolio of climate mitigation strategies that includes both avoiding emissions and directly removing them from the atmosphere. This includes emissions associated with the transportation and industrial sectors, in addition to the distributed emissions of industrial, commercial, and residential heating. However, the difficult-to-avoid emissions still remain. 1 Mitigation approaches such as increased energy efficiencies and implementation of carbon-free energy resources work well to decrease combustion-related emissions. More than 36 billion tonnes of CO 2 (GtCO 2) are emitted annually, and roughly 60% are sourced from exhaust streams of industrial facilities and power plants (i.e., point-source emissions). High levels of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions over the past century have given rise to changes in the Earth's climate. The role of mineral carbonation in mitigating climate change Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. It is suggested that research focus on enhanced understanding of magnesia cement chemistry and the development of flame-retardant mineral fillers. ![]() Carbonation of Mg silicates lacks sufficient market demand and requires the development of new high-value products to overcome the expense of mining and feed preparation. Carbonation of conventional concrete shows the highest potential for CO 2 avoidance, but may face some market resistance. It is suggested that upcoming commercial efforts should focus on the carbonation of industrial wastes located near CO 2 sources to produce precast concrete blocks. ![]() An analysis of company process types indicates that up to 3 GtCO 2 year –1 could be avoided globally. Companies that are currently commercializing MC processes are categorized based on the feed used and materials produced. Investigation of possible end uses of carbonate products reveals that further CO 2 avoidance can be achieved by replacing conventional carbon-intensive products. Alkalinity sources available for MC are examined, differentiating between those sourced from industrial processes and mining operations. First, the literature surrounding the current state and challenges for indirect MC processes is reviewed, indicating that process intensification and scale-up are important areas for further research. This review assesses the potential for advancing MC product utilization to decrease CO 2 emissions toward neutral, or even negative, values. To improve process economics and accelerate commercial deployment, research has increased around product utilization, where markets exist primarily in the construction industry. Mineral carbonation (MC) is a form of carbon capture and storage that reacts CO 2 with alkaline feedstock to securely store CO 2 as solid carbonate minerals.
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